Prairie Doc Perspective Week of December 31st, 2023
"Seizures” By Andrew Ellsworth, MD A seizure can be one of the most frightening things for a family member, friend, or anyone to witness. However, for some people with epilepsy, seizures may be fairly common and not unexpected. Roughly 1 in 10 people may have a seizure at some point in their lifetime. A seizure occurs when there is a burst of uncontrolled electrical activity in the brain. This may cause a sudden change in awareness or full loss of consciousness, unusual sensations or thoughts, or temporary problems in muscle tone or movements, such as stiffness, twitching, or limpness. The two main types of seizures are focal and generalized. A focal onset seizure starts in one area of the brain and spreads, causing mild or severe symptoms. A generalized seizure occurs when both sides of the brain are affected. Generalized seizures may include: · Absence - which causes a staring spell, the “petit mal” seizure · Atonic - which causes someone to go limp suddenly · Myoclonic - which causes sudden body jolts or increased tone briefly · Tonic - which causes muscle stiffness · Clonic - which causes muscles to spasm and jerk · Tonic-clonic - a combination of jerking and muscle stiffness, the “grand mal” seizure If you witness someone having a seizure, stay with them until the seizure ends and they are fully awake. Stay calm, it should end in a few minutes. Ease them to the floor and turn the person gently to one side which can help them breathe. Clear the area of anything hard or sharp to help keep them safe. Consider putting something soft and flat like a folded jacket under their head. Consider removing their glasses or sunglasses. Loosen ties or anything around the neck. Not all people who have a seizure need to go to the hospital. Time the seizure and consider calling 911 if the seizure lasts longer than 5 minutes. Other reasons to call 911 include if they have never had a seizure before, if they have difficulty breathing or waking after the seizure, if they have another seizure soon after the first, if they get hurt from the seizure, if it happened in water, or if they have a known health condition like diabetes, heart disease, or are pregnant. Do not hold the person down or try to stop their movements. Never put anything in their mouth or forcefully open a tightly clenched jaw, since that could harm them. It is a myth that someone having a seizure is in danger of swallowing their tongue. After the seizure, the person is likely to be unconscious or sleepy for a few minutes more. This is the post-ictal phase, when the brain is still very active and trying to contain the electrical impulses. Once someone is alert, they are likely to be sore, confused, or frightened themselves. Tell them what happened in a calm and simple manner. Seizures can be quite frightening to witness, but with some knowledge, you may be better prepared to help. Prairie Doc Perspective Week of December 24th, 2023
Autoimmune Disorders: Self attack! By Jennifer May, MD Recently I met a new patient who had waited several months for her appointment. At this first meeting, I was quickly able to diagnose Rheumatoid arthritis. Like others with this disease, her joints were swollen, and she was stiff getting up and moving to the exam table. During our discussion I learned she had felt well until about six months before. There was no good explanation for the onset of her symptoms, so she asked the question, many ask…. Why did this happen? As a rheumatologist, I specialize in managing autoimmune diseases such as Rheumatoid arthritis, as well as several others. Autoimmune disorders are a group of diseases where the immune system mistakenly targets and attacks the body’s own tissues. The system of checks and balances that keeps our immune system running is broken, and the attack goes unaddressed by the body. Managing autoimmune diseases means turning down the volume on an overactive immune system to alleviate symptoms and prevent damage to one’s body. Like my patient, many ask, what makes our immune system make these mistakes? Well, we as we currently understand it, a combination of genetic predisposition and environmental triggers plays a role in the development of autoimmune disorders. Certain genes are associated with an increased risk. Environmental factors, such as infection, exposure to certain chemicals, or hormonal imbalances could trigger or exacerbate an immune response. All this to say, there are multiple reasons autoimmune disorders flare up, but it is difficult to determine the exact cause and likely there is more than one factor. Diagnosing autoimmune disorders can be challenging. The symptoms are wide ranging and overlap with other diseases. We have blood tests that identify specific markers of disease and inflammation. During the physical exam I look for rashes, joint swelling, circulation changes, hair loss, weight loss, and weakness, amongst other things. Interpreting the patient’s story, lab tests, and exam together helps paint a picture that leads to a specific diagnosis. However, the work isn’t done once there’s a diagnosis. Treatment for autoimmune disorders is unique to each person. Rheumatologists can prescribe medications that target specific immune cells that drive the process. Traditional treatments such as corticosteroids and immunosuppressants are used, but newer specific cell therapies, such as monoclonal antibodies, are also effective. We are also learning about ways to mobilize the immune system and restore its resilience. The future of medicine looks to tailor treatments based on individual genetic profiles and disease characteristics. Today, I can offer my new patient confidence that she will feel better with current treatments. However, she will have to continue taking medications to remain comfortable. Ideally, we will soon find treatments that allow patients to stop medication and be well. The future holds promise that we will improve diagnosis, targeted treatment, and quality of life for people living with autoimmune disorders. Jennifer May, M.D. is a contributing Prairie Doc® columnist. She practices rheumatology in Rapid City, South Dakota at Rapid City Medical Center and serves on the Healing Words Foundation Board of Directors, a 501c3 which provides funding for Prairie Doc® programs. Follow The Prairie Doc® at www.prairiedoc.org and on Facebook and Instagram featuring On Call with the Prairie Doc®, a medical Q&A show providing health information based on science, built on trust, on SDPB and streaming live on Facebook most Thursdays at 7 p.m. central. Prairie Doc Perspective Week of December 17th, 2023
Unraveling Medical Myths By Jill Kruse, DO Myths are just stories we tell ourselves and others to make sense of the world around us. Myths convey beliefs or values and attempt to tell truths. In their effort to tell the truth, myths may exaggerate or misrepresent things. Sometimes this misrepresentation is innocent, while other times it is used as a tool to regulate or manipulate people. Myths can be used to give a sense of power and control over an overwhelming situation. Of the many types of myths, ones that deal with medicine are particularly common. A person’s life can feel out of control during times of sickness or injury. It is easy to feel powerless when one’s body is not feeling or acting normally. A story that helps explain why this is happening can be comforting. A story can assign blame to whom or what caused this. It can also serve as a lesson or a warning to others. In every myth there is usually some small bit of truth that makes it believable. Look at the myth “going out with wet hair will cause you to catch pneumonia”. It serves as a warning; if you do this, you could put your health in danger. Countless college students running late to early morning classes have tested this myth, including me. Science has proven that bacteria or viruses in the air entering your lungs cause pneumonia, not wet hair. If you Google “Does going out with wet hair make you sick” – you will get over 50 million results in less than a second. If you look long enough, you will find at least one page to support whatever stance you want to take on this. Mayo clinic and Cleveland clinic both have websites stating this is a myth. Some websites say “this is a myth, but…” They go on to hypothesize subtle correlations between having wet hair and lowering nasal passage temperatures just enough to increase susceptibility to a virus that may already be there. Of course, there will always be grandmothers who insist that they are right, regardless of what any doctor, institution, or the internet says. We live in an age of easy information. With so many answers and opinions, it is very easy to get overwhelmed and not know who or what to believe. This is why we at the Prairie Doc have strived to bring in experts each week to help give health information that is based on Science and built on Trust. We know that without science, we cannot bring you accurate information. More importantly, without trust, it really does not matter what we tell you. We hope that over the last twenty years we have earned that trust. Please continue to tune in to South Dakota Public Television, Facebook, or YouTube and ask those questions. We are here for you and truly look forward to discussing your questions each week. We will help you separate medical myth from fact so you can “Stay Healthy Out There”. Prairie Doc Perspective Week of December 10th, 2023
Urinalysis in patient care By Kelly Evans-Hullinger, MD Urinalysis, or testing of the urine, has ancient origins dating back to the time of Hippocrates and beyond. Although we have evolved in our methodology of studying the urine and our understanding of the meaning of its characteristics, we do still rely on urinalysis in making clinical diagnoses frequently in medicine. In centuries past, the tools of urinalysis were blunt and primarily involved human senses of sight, smell, and taste (yes, taste). Ancient physicians noted that sediment in the urine often correlated with fever, the sediment in question probably being white blood cells. Bubbles in the urine might portend kidney disease, which we know to be true if the bubbles are caused by excessive protein in the urine. And diabetes mellitus was generally known to be present in cases of excessive, sweet tasting urine. In modern laboratories, we test urine using chemical assays and by looking at urine sediment under a microscope. What might we be looking for when we ask our patients to provide a urine sample? Red blood cells can be present in a variety of conditions, including trauma to the urinary tract such as from infection or kidney stones, tumors of the urologic tract, and diseases affecting the microscopic structures of the kidney, among other things. White blood cells are more specific to urinary tract infection, though they can be seen in some other types of kidney injury as well. We look routinely for protein in the urine of patients with diabetes or known kidney disease. Protein in the urine is typically the first sign of kidney damage from chronic diseases like diabetes. And the amount of protein in the urine of a patient with chronic kidney disease can help us understand prognosis and whether certain medications are working. Glucose is found in the urine if a person has very high blood glucose (or if they are taking certain medications). Numerous other chemical tests of the urine can help us to diagnose selective medical conditions. As a physician in the modern era, luckily I have never tasted my patients’ urine like Hippocrates and his cohorts would have. But I do use urinalysis every day to help me diagnose and care for my patients. |
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