By Richard P. Holm, MD
 
Years ago, a family brought a 25-year-old farmer into the emergency room with a gunshot hole over his heart and with no pulse or breathing for more than ten minutes. It was a self-inflicted wound and this young farmer would farm no more. The family was besides themselves with loud and sorrowful wailing that wrenched my soul. They told me that the impending harvest looked poor, the loan was coming due, and he had been isolating himself, drinking more and getting angry at every little thing. They had no clue he was at risk of suicide. Sure, he was a little down, but not this! He picked a permanent answer to a temporary problem.
 
Significant thoughts of suicide occur in one of four women and one of eight men. Although there are more attempts by women, more deaths occur by men. In 2017 there were 1.4 million attempts and 47,000 deaths due to suicide, and despite these high numbers, the money invested in depression and suicide research is sadly low.
 
Risk factors for suicide include family history or prior experience of depression or manic depression, a history of being abused or being an abuser, excessive use of alcohol, sleeping pills or substance dependence, a recent emotional loss or a significant medical illness. Also, there is higher risk during local epidemics of suicide in youth especially on reservations. Sometimes depression and suicide have no reason whatsoever.
 
How can any of us help ourselves or a person at risk? First, remember it never hurts to ask, “Are you thinking about suicide?” Those words will NOT bring it on but could encourage the person to find someone to give lifesaving assistance. If you sense there is an emotional downward change happening, encourage that person to get help. If depression is milder and NOT at the suicide level, nonmedicinal treatment can give relief. Examples abound such as daily 30-minute walks, regular interaction with friends and family and the regular opening of one’s heart to spiritual connectedness. If more help is needed, talk with your physician or care provider and consider medicines that effectively work for depression. Although two thirds of people with depression do not seek or receive help; when the one third who do get help are treated, four out of five of those folks are better in a month. Get help if needed.
 
Finally, if you are in crisis, call the Suicide Prevention Lifeline at 1-800-273-TALK (8255) which is available 24/7. Please don’t chose a permanent answer to a temporary problem.
 
Richard P. Holm, MD is founder of The Prairie Doc® and author of “Life’s Final Season, A Guide for Aging and Dying with Grace” available on Amazon. For free and easy access to the entire Prairie Doc® library, visit www.prairiedoc.org and follow Prairie Doc® on Facebook featuring On Call with the Prairie Doc® a medical Q&A show streaming on Facebook and broadcast on SDPTV most Thursdays at 7 p.m. central.            

By Richard P. Holm, MD
 
The world of radiology began in 1895 when a European physicist Wilhelm Röntgen noticed fluorescence behind heavy cardboard when a cathode tube was activated nearby. Röntgen used his wife’s hand to demonstrate for the first time how these unknown rays, or X-rays, could penetrate the soft tissue of a hand and illustrate the bones that lay within. Röntgen generously refused to patent his discovery which allowed the explosive growth and development of a new industry.
 
Unfortunately, the first researchers were unaware of the dangers of too much X-ray exposure and, during the early years, harm was done even causing death to some experimenters before safeguards were established. Over time, as technology advanced and more X-rays were being utilized in medicine, interpreting the images became a more difficult challenge and the field of radiology developed. Physicians trained in X-ray INTERPRETATION helped other physicians make better clinical decisions.
 
I was a first-year resident at Emory University Hospital in Atlanta in the fall of 1975 when the hospital purchased one of the earliest computerized tomography (CT) scanners. It was called an EMI scanner named after the British company, Electric and Music Industries, that took the financial risk for developing the technology. Years earlier, EMI had signed with the Beatles as their recording company. Having amassed a fortune from the exponential rise of Beatles popularity, EMI was able to fund the theoretical work of Godfrey Hounsfield. His invention took X-rays of the head from all directions while a computer compiled the results. “With a little help from his friends” at EMI, Hounsfield’s brainchild happened.
 
I was rotating through neurology when the results of the EMI scans started making an impact. We were amazed how they showed tumors, blood clots and lesions inside the skull. We thought it was going to change everything, and indeed it did!
 
Jump to the present and see how INTERPRETIVE radiologists have expanded into INTERVENTION. Now, instead of simply identifying a tumor or abscess with ultrasound, X-ray, CT or MRI, radiologists, under the guidance of an imaging modality, can pass a needle into a deep tumor and take a biopsy, drain an abscess, open-up a blocked tube and much more. Procedures that, in the past, would have required open abdominal or chest surgery, now can be done with minimal trauma, with minimal pain and with quick recovery.
 
As a patient who has benefited under the expert image-guided hands of an INTERVENTIONAL radiologist, I too can sing loud and clear, “I get by with a lot of help from my friends.”
 
Richard P. Holm, MD is founder of The Prairie Doc® and author of “Life’s Final Season, A Guide for Aging and Dying with Grace” available on Amazon. For free and easy access to the entire Prairie Doc® library, visit www.prairiedoc.org and follow Prairie Doc® on Facebook featuring On Call with the Prairie Doc® a medical Q&A show streaming on Facebook and broadcast on SDPTV most Thursdays at 7 p.m. central.            

By Tom Dean, MD
 
Health care costs too much. The U.S. spends twice as much as other wealthy nations and yet we have poorer outcomes. Patients in this country visit physicians less frequently and spend less time in hospitals than residents of other wealthy countries. So, why such high costs? It's a complex issue with no simple answer.
 
Experts have identified three major factors contributing to this situation. The most significant is higher prices, followed by costly administrative complexity and finally, the use of ineffective or overly aggressive medical interventions that provide little benefit to patients.
 
What about prices? The average U.S. hospital discharge costs over $29,000 compared to $18,000 in the Netherlands and $16,000 in Canada. The average MRI price in Australia is $350 compared to $1145 in the U.S.  Prices, especially drug prices keep going higher. Lantus insulin introduced nearly 20 years ago at about $35 per vial now sells for $260. The U.K. price is $26. Gleevec, a remarkably effective drug for leukemia, introduced in 2001 at $26,000 per year, more recently sells for $120,000. The generic form sells for $96,000.
 
Trying to control costs in the U.S., both the government and insurance companies have applied complex regulations resulting in the addition of administrative staff and steadily increasing expenditures. Studies show that 20 to 30 percent of health care expenditures now go to cover admin costs, a much higher rate than other countries.
 
What to do? As a society we have depended on market forces to control prices. This is effective when selling groceries and gasoline but in health care it has failed. The simple explanation is that health care providers do not compete based on price. Even when patients have comparative cost information, they all too often do not select the most cost-effective approach.
 
Too little incentive exists for providers, especially physicians, to seek out the most efficient approach to care. In fact, existing financial incentives often push physicians and other providers in the opposite direction – the more you do the more you are paid.
 
Bottom line: As a society we in the U.S. have never figured out where health care fits in the spectrum of economic activity. Is it a commercial product like automobiles and blue jeans where those with more resources can purchase more elaborate products, or is it a basic human service like public education or fire protection to be made available to everyone?
 
In the words of the late Professor Uwe Reinhardt, one of the giants of health policy analysis, what we have is a philosophical and ethical challenge not an economic one.
 
Tom Dean, MD of Wessington Springs, South Dakota is a contributing Prairie Doc® columnist who has practiced family medicine for more than 38 years. He served as a member of the Medicare Payment Advisory Commission. For free and easy access to the entire Prairie Doc® library, visit www.prairiedoc.org and follow Prairie Doc® on Facebook featuring On Call with the Prairie Doc® a medical Q&A show streaming on Facebook and broadcast on SDPTV most Thursdays at 7 p.m. central.   

​By Andrew Ellsworth, MD
 
What if there was something you could drink that could help you live longer and was free? Would you drink it? What if I offered something else to drink that could shorten your life and would cost you one dollar? Would you want to buy it?
 
As you might have guessed, the initial question refers to water, which is healthy and free, for the most part. Meanwhile, the latter question refers to a less desirable alternative, soda pop.  
 
A recent study involving half a million people in Europe found that drinking soda pop was associated with a greater risk of death from any cause. What’s even more interesting is how this study found that both regular and diet soft drinks were bad for your health. Drinking sugar sweetened beverages, such as regular sodas, increases your risk of digestive disease deaths. Meanwhile, drinking artificially sweetened beverages, like diet sodas, increases your risk of dying from cardiovascular diseases. 
 
I’m sorry to say, but that diet soda may increase your risk of a heart attack or stroke. These findings were most significant when people drank two or more sugar or artificially sweetened beverages per day, compared to less than one per month.  
 
This study was published in September 2019 in the Journal of the American Medical Association Internal Medicine. It showed associations, which means it saw connections, but it doesn’t necessarily prove a cause and effect relationship. However, this was an impressive study involving half a million people followed for over 16 years. It excluded people if they already had cancer, diabetes, stroke, or heart disease and it tried to account for body weight and smoking as well. Furthermore, other studies have found similar results. 
 
If you really want a soda pop, it’s not going to kill you to have one, but you probably don’t need several every day. If you do, why not try cutting down? If you don’t feel like drinking a glass of water, consider trying a sparkling water, or maybe take a glass of water and put a slice of lemon in it. Maybe try a natural sweetener like honey. Or, have a glass of milk.  
 
In the last several years, people are drinking less soda pop, and the large soda corporations are listening to consumer demands. You may notice some alternatives the next time you walk down the beverage aisle at the grocery store. However, pay close attention to what’s in them. Many are still loaded with sugar, and others have artificial sweeteners. Be wary of sports drinks, juice, supplement drinks and other alternatives.  
 
My recommendation is to enjoy a tall glass of water. It’s good for your health, good for your pocketbook, and you just might feel the satisfaction of self-care. 
 
Andrew Ellsworth, MD of Brookings, SD is a contributing Prairie Doc® columnist who has practiced family medicine for more than seven years. He is immediate past president of South Dakota Academy of Family Physicians. For free and easy access to the entire Prairie Doc® library, visit www.prairiedoc.org and follow Prairie Doc® on Facebook featuring On Call with the Prairie Doc® a medical Q&A show streaming on Facebook and broadcast on SDPTV most Thursdays at 7 p.m. central.        

By Richard P. Holm, MD
 
Starting in 1805 through 1858 the Dakota Indian people living in Minnesota were, by U.S. government treaties, gradually cut out of their traditional hunting areas. In 1861, crops failed, winter was severe, meager federal payments were late and Dakota children were starving. By August of 1862, desperation moved some of the Dakota Indians to attack white homestead farmers and families and the state militia responded. War was on.
 
After six weeks of fighting the Dakota warriors surrendered and 303 men were sentenced to death by hanging. President Abraham Lincoln commuted many but left 38 Dakota men to hang in Mankato, Minnesota just after Christmas 1862. Those commuted were shipped to prison in Iowa where more than a third died as conditions were so poor.
 
Although many Indian people did not go to war, white hatred of all Indians grew like a prairie fire. Within a year, a $25 bounty was paid for the scalp of any Dakota Indian found free within the state. Lives were lost on both sides of that war, but the Dakota Oyate (Oyate means people) lost their lands and their culture. Pride and family traditions were severely compromised affecting many generations to come.
 
First introduced by mental health expert Maria Yellow Horse Brave Heart, Historical Trauma Response is a societal diagnosis now used by psychologists and historians. It refers to the cumulative, transgenerational, traumatic experience which causes long-lasting injury to communities, cultures and descendants, like that of the American Indian. Another example of HTR is the African American slave experience.
 
Experts state that HTR may cause smoldering animosity between groups as well as poverty, alcohol abuse, violence, depression and suicide behaviors. How can this be treated without compromising a culture’s traditions? Do ancestors of immigrant Europeans have a societal responsibility to right a wrong? Does smoldering animosity block the path to healing?
 
I believe prejudice hurts all of us. Hate poisons the well, even if it is “inherited hate” that came from more than 200 years of conflict and violence. It is time for European descendants to free ourselves from the bonds of historical bigotry and better understand the perspective of the Indian people. It is time for people of all races to stop hating and find ways for cultural healing through spiritual kindness to each other.
 
Lakota leader and mystic Black Elk said, “The bison were the gift of a good spirit . . . and from the same good spirit we must find another strength.”
 
Richard P. Holm, MD is founder of The Prairie Doc® and author of “Life’s Final Season, A Guide for Aging and Dying with Grace” available on Amazon. For free and easy access to the entire Prairie Doc® library, visit www.prairiedoc.org and follow Prairie Doc® on Facebook featuring On Call with the Prairie Doc® a medical Q&A show streaming on Facebook and broadcast on SDPTV most Thursdays at 7 p.m. central. 

By Richard P. Holm, MD
 
For years I cared for a young gentleman with recurrent leg swelling associated with redness, fever, pain and open sores between his toes and lower legs and the rash of athlete’s foot. Once again, the emergency room doctor admitted the patient, and started him on intravenous antibiotics while the nurses put on support hose and encouraged him to elevate his legs.
 
There are two types of blood vessels making up “the vascular system.” Going away from the heart, blood is pumped through arteries providing oxygen and nutrients to almost every cell in the body. Coming back to the heart, blood travels through veins, oxygen depleted and loaded with waste. When venous blood passes through the kidneys, liver and lungs, waste is removed.
 
When arterial flow is blocked, pain, loss of muscle strength and open sores develop. In contrast, when venous flow is blocked, swelling and congestion occur which can also reduce arterial flow. Most dangerous, poor venous flow can result in blood clots.
 
Reversible causes for arterial blockage include regularly eating too many calories, not getting enough exercise, smoking and failing to connect enough with people and nature (which is entirely under-rated). Others may talk about pills and supplements, but the plain truth is that nothing comes close to these healthy lifestyle habits in preventing premature obstruction of arteries.
 
A list of preventable or treatable causes for vein and venous obstruction with swelling in the legs is long. It includes congestive heart failure, inherited varicose veins, jobs that require prolonged sitting or standing in one place and leg trauma, all of which injure vein valves, make edema worse and increase the risk for clots. Clots developing in veins are dangerous. They can move to the lungs, threaten life and worsen swelling.
 
My young patient had a combination of foot fungus (athlete’s foot) and bacterial infection growing in toe cracks and leg sores. He also had venous insufficiency (the valves in the veins were destroyed) and new blood clots, possibly triggered by the fungal and bacterial infections. His condition was complicated, indeed! We elevated his feet even higher, increased the pressure of his support hose and added medicines including a low dose diuretic, an anti-fungus medication and an anticoagulant. His leg swelling resolved and stayed that way, especially because he wore 20 pound below-the-knee compression hose.
 
Bottom line: The vascular system makes up an incredibly complex organ system. Please take measures to protect blood vessels by understanding the values of a healthy lifestyle and, when needed, wearing firm below-the-knee support hose.
 
Richard P. Holm, MD is founder of The Prairie Doc® and author of “Life’s Final Season, A Guide for Aging and Dying with Grace” available on Amazon. For free and easy access to the entire Prairie Doc® library, visit www.prairiedoc.org and follow Prairie Doc® on Facebook featuring On Call with the Prairie Doc® a medical Q&A show streaming on Facebook and broadcast on SDPTV most Thursdays at 7 p.m. central.            

By Richard P. Holm, MD
 
In 40 years of practice, I have seen how the final moments of one’s life can be inspiring or agonizing, no matter the manner of death. As I see it, the fear of death is a greater enemy than death itself. This has brought me to make the following recommendations for approaching our final moments.
 
Be prepared
Scientific advances, along with health care providers’ driven desire to save lives, have wrought lifesaving techniques that sometimes cause suffering (an unintended consequence). To correct this, making an advanced directive (living will) can help prevent great suffering. Going without is like arriving at the airport with no plans as to where you are going. Remember, a written advance directive is a tool to encourage discussions about end-of-life expectations. When you reach your end-of-life situation, do you want antibiotics, intravenous (IV) fluids, feeding tubes, resuscitation? (I don’t.) Speak to your family members about your wishes now in case you later lose your memory and ability to speak for yourself.
 
Also, there has been a growing emphasis and payment for hospice and palliative (comfort) care. Why not welcome these added financial benefits from Medicare and insurance if you or your family member qualifies? (These you control and can be stopped at any time.) When death is imminent, comfort care can be a blessing as it brings less emphasis on intervention which might cause suffering. Talk to your doctor and family about your choices.
 
Dehydration can be our friend
When a person has a terminal condition, is no longer wanting or able to take oral feedings or fluid, I see it as cruel to force artificial fluids through IV or feeding tube means. Without fluids, the patient’s internal pain relievers (endorphins) turn on while setting the stage for living only about ten more days. Dehydration does NOT cause suffering. Considering the prolonged suffering that can result from artificial fluids, dehydration can be our friend.
 
Reconciliation brings harmony
As we get closer to our own time of death, it is prudent to say to those who matter, this wisdom phrase, originating from Hawaii, called “Ho’oponopono,” and made popular by Dr. Ira Byock. “I am thankful for you, forgive me, I forgive you and I love you.” This can help restore harmony with others and with oneself.
 
Bottom line: The fear of death can keep us from making important plans for an advanced directive and hospice, can trap us on a feeding tube and can keep us from finding harmony with the ones we love. A good death requires the courage to be prepared.
 
Richard P. Holm, MD is founder of The Prairie Doc® and author of “Life’s Final Season, A Guide for Aging and Dying with Grace” available on Amazon. For free and easy access to the entire Prairie Doc® library, visit www.prairiedoc.org and follow Prairie Doc® on Facebook featuring On Call with the Prairie Doc® a medical Q&A show streaming on Facebook and broadcast on SDPTV most Thursdays at 7 p.m. central. 

by Richard P. Holm, MD
 
Over a six-month period, a 78-year-old businessman with a clever wit and superb leadership skills became less able to talk. He gradually became more confused and lost his ability to learn new things. In the end, he lost his capacity to swallow well and started inhaling some liquids and food until finally pneumonia gently shuffled him off this mortal coil.
 
Dementia is a progressive deterioration of intellect, memory and social skills which, by definition, interferes with normal activities and relationships. It is an umbrella term which includes various types and causes. Alzheimer’s disease and vascular disease (caused by small and large strokes) make up the lion’s share of dementias. Other rarer forms of dementia include frontotemporal dementia, Lewy body dementia, traumatic brain injury and various combinations of any of these conditions.
 
Classic Alzheimer’s accounts for more than 60 percent of dementias. Early symptoms include recent memory loss or loss of the ability to learn a new thing. Until very late in the disease, people with Alzheimer’s usually retain the capacity to walk normally. Gait abnormalities, by comparison, are usually found with most of the other causes of dementia. It is important to note that some people can have gait abnormalities without dementia. (Try to walk a mile a day, if you are able.)
 
The prevalence of dementia increases with age. Five percent of those aged 71 to 79 have dementia, while the incidence increases to 38 to 50 percent in those 90 or older. This also means more than 50 percent of the very old DO NOT HAVE DEMENTIA.
 
Your care provider should evaluate and treat, if apropos, some often reversible or temporary causes for dementia-like symptoms. These include depression, low thyroid, certain infections, multiple sclerosis, low blood sugars, too low or too high sodium or calcium, chronic alcohol use, malnutrition (along with vitamin B1, B12 and D deficiency), dehydration, bleeding under the lining of the skull of the brain, poisoning from heavy metals or pesticides, smoking, high levels of carbon monoxide (check your furnace), low levels of oxygen, moderate to severe sleep apnea, brain tumors, any major medical illness and, last but not least, side effects from certain medications (especially tranquilizers like Ativan or Xanax). Look at that list again and make sure those conditions are considered when you or your loved one is first being evaluated for dementia.
 
Beware of scammers, who are thick as thieves, looking to sell you false treatments. For more credible information about dementia, go to medlineplus.gov. There is no changing the devastating nature of dementia but knowing all about it can help.
 
Richard P. Holm, MD is founder of The Prairie Doc® and author of “Life’s Final Season, A Guide for Aging and Dying with Grace” available on Amazon. For free and easy access to the entire Prairie Doc® library, visit www.prairiedoc.org and follow Prairie Doc® on Facebook featuring On Call with the Prairie Doc® a medical Q&A show streaming on Facebook and broadcast on SDPTV most Thursdays at 7 p.m. central.             

By Richard P. Holm, MD
 
A dear physician friend of mine who practices in Florida developed renal (kidney) failure a few years ago at the age of 60. He was initially treated with peritoneal dialysis which involves repeatedly flushing special fluid into the abdominal cavity, letting it sit for a bit to remove poisons and then draining out the contaminated fluid, usually three times a week at night. Later, he moved to hemodialysis where blood is drained from his arm into a filtering machine where the blood is cleared of the same poisons and then pumped back into his blood stream. This is done usually three times a week taking four hours at a sitting.
 
It must be a burden to be required to do dialysis three days a week or more for something that most of us take for granted. Since a transplanted kidney is much cheaper than dialysis and is better on the body than dialysis, it would be preferable for most people to get a transplant. However, finding a transplant organ can be difficult. In the past year my friend has had at least four scheduled transplant dates, only to be turned down at the last minute. How frustrating that must be!
 
The National Kidney Foundation notes that more than 120,000 people in the U.S. are currently on the waiting list for an organ and 100,000 of these are for kidneys. Six thousand living and 12,000 cadaver kidneys are transplanted each year in this country while 20 people die every day waiting for an available organ.
 
Organs that are commonly transplanted from living or cadaver donors include kidney, liver, heart, lung, pancreas and even small intestine. Tissues include cornea, skin, heart valve, vein, tendon, ligament and bone. A healthy living donor may be related, or not, to the recipient.
 
It is a courageous and altruistic act of loving kindness to donate an organ so another person may live. To explore becoming a living donor go to organdonor.gov. This gift of life has remarkably minimal risk to the donor and, depending on the organ donated, usually means just a few days in the hospital. While you’re thinking about it, TALK TO YOUR FAMILY about your intentions and mark “yes” as a potential donor on your driver’s license.
 
Please consider organ donation, a most precious gift to someone in need, like my friend in Florida. It takes courage but you will save a life.
 
Richard P. Holm, MD is founder of The Prairie Doc® and author of “Life’s Final Season, A Guide for Aging and Dying with Grace” available on Amazon. For free and easy access to the entire Prairie Doc® library, visit www.prairiedoc.org and follow Prairie Doc® on Facebook featuring On Call with the Prairie Doc® a medical Q&A show streaming on Facebook and broadcast on SDPTV most Thursdays at 7 p.m. central.             

By Richard P. Holm MD
 
I appreciate how the old prayer goes, "Bless the food before us, the family beside us, and the
love between us..."
 
A few years back, our youngest son, had a break-in at his home and they took his computer with
all his pictures as well as his original created songs. They also got away with my old film-dependent
camera with a bunch of undeveloped pictures my son had taken. He decried that it wasn't the loss of the computer or the camera, it was the loss of memories and ideas contained within. He was
dismayed that he dreamt he caught the thieves breaking into his house and in his dream, he choked them and hit them with a baseball bat.
 
It brought back the memory of advice one of my patients gave me one day, "If you want to
destroy your enemy, make them hate." I know how self-destructive hate can be. In that sense,
the thieves got my son twice, once for the robbery and once for the deep anger they instilled in
his heart.
 
Maybe once a year I watch a family self-destruct as children of a dying parent return from afar to
criticize the choices that the local family had made, often demanding more aggressive care
when the parent is at the end and it is time to let go.
 
I have seen lawyers at the bedside of a borderline-competent patient working a change in the
will, giving more land to one child than another, resulting in the blackest of disharmony between
kids that had grown up together as family and who will never speak to each other again.
 
I have seen widows and widowers remarry and find joy once again after the sad death of a
spouse, only to have children selfishly scrambling for the spoils of the inheritance, leaving
someone in the equation without their fair share. Truly there is nothing more heart-breaking than to see such destructive behavior among family members.
 
But this does not always happen. In fact, more often than not, the death bed of a parent brings
some great moments of joy. One family I remember in particular, surrounded their dying mother
with harmonious hymns in that hospital room as they had the family reunion that hadn't occurred in many years. Families most often come together around a dying parent or sibling joyously sharing of family memories while supporting and loving the one leaving.
 
Our son found a way to let go of the loss and anger following the robbery and moved on to new
equipment and even better creativity.
 
It isn't the material stuff in front of us, it is the family beside us, and the love between us.
 
Richard P. Holm, MD is author of “Life’s Final Season, A Guide for Aging and Dying with Grace” available on Amazon. For free and easy access to the entire Prairie Doc® library, visit www.prairiedoc.org and follow Prairie Doc® on Facebook featuring On Call with the Prairie Doc® a medical Q&A show streaming on Facebook and broadcast on SDPTV most Thursdays at 7 p.m. central.