“Pneumonia Vaccine Saves Lives”
By Andrew Ellsworth, MD


Over one hundred years ago, the gold mining industry of South Africa had a problem: too many workers were dying from pneumonia. They turned to Dr. Almorth Wright, a British physician who had successfully created a vaccine against typhoid fever that saved countless lives of British soldiers in World War I and other wars. Wright and his colleagues developed an inoculation of killed pneumococci bacteria which resulted in a substantial reduction of cases of pneumonia and death in the miners.  


Pneumonia is an infection in the lungs that causes inflammation and accumulation of fluid or pus, making it difficult to breathe. Pneumonia can be caused by viruses, bacteria, and fungi. Risk factors for pneumonia include old age, young children, smoking, lung diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma, other chronic medical conditions, poor air quality, and more. 


Antibiotics have been revolutionary in treating bacterial pneumonia, decreasing the rates of death substantially. Unfortunately, antibiotics do not treat viruses, and early use of antibiotics in the course of a virus will not decrease the risk of pneumonia. If someone has cold symptoms, rest, fluids, time, and an expectorant like guaifenesin can be helpful. If symptoms get worse with the return or persistence of fevers, worsening cough, shortness of breath, or chest pain, please seek medical attention. 


Vaccines for pneumonia, influenza, haemophilus influenzae (Hib), and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) have significantly decreased the rates of pneumonia. The pneumonia vaccine is now recommended for infants and young children, all adults over 50 years of age and those with certain chronic medical conditions.  The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) lowered the age recommendation from 65 to 50 in October 2024 since adults aged 50+ are 6.4x more likely than younger adults to get pneumococcal pneumonia. 


The pneumonia vaccine has changed and updated through the years with the types of bacteria that are targeted. If you have already received a pneumonia vaccine, depending on what you have received and if it has been several years or if you have chronic medical conditions, you may want to talk to your healthcare provider about getting a new pneumonia vaccine.  


Prevention is the best way to fight disease. To prevent pneumonia, it is helpful to wash your hands, do not smoke, consider vaccination, and help keep your immune system strong by getting good sleep, exercising, and eating healthy.


Andrew Ellsworth, MD. is part of The Prairie Doc® team of physicians and currently practices Family Medicine at Avera Medical Group in Brookings, South Dakota. Follow The Prairie Doc® at www.prairiedoc.org, Facebook, Instagram, Youtube and Threads. Prairie Doc Programming includes On Call with the Prairie Doc®, a medical Q&A show (most Thursdays at 7pm on SDPB and streaming on Facebook), 2 podcasts, and a Radio program (on SDPB), providing health information based on science, built on trust. 

Prairie Doc Perspective Week of March 16th, 2025
“Learning to Perceive: Visual Thinking Strategies in Medical Education”
By Donna Merkt, director of the South Dakota Art Museum at South Dakota State University
Effective medical diagnosis depends not just on looking, but on truly perceiving. Recognizing this, many medical training programs have adopted Visual Thinking Strategies (VTS) discussions about art to enhance students’ skills in nuanced observation, inference, and communication.  In 2004, Harvard Medical School pioneered use of VTS within medical education to refine the diagnostic and interpersonal skills of future healthcare professionals. Now, VTS is embraced in over 30 medical schools. 
Through inquiry-based, participant-centered VTS discussions about art, medical students learn to slow down, look carefully, analyze details, and refine their diagnostic reasoning. During the exercise, participants focus on an artwork while discussing their observations.  The facilitator begins with: “What’s going on here?” Seeks evidence by asking: “What do you see that makes you say that?” Then, spurs the participants with: “What more can we find?” The facilitator remains neutral, paraphrases comments, and points to the artwork to guide discussion. Without authoritative guidance, participants explore multiple interpretations freely. The conversation often lasts 20 minutes per artwork. (Conversely, most museum visitors spend 30 seconds or less with a piece.)  
A 2020 study at the University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, along with others, found that students who participated in VTS showed significantly improved observational abilities compared to peers who had not engaged with the program. By examining and discussing artwork through VTS, participants sharpen their ability to notice small but significant details and interpret ambiguous visual information, a process that mirrors patient assessments, where attentiveness and contextual understanding are key. For example, learning to analyze visual cues that might indicate emotions may enhance healthcare professionals’ abilities to interpret patients’ nonverbal cues, leading to more compassionate and attentive interactions.
VTS discussions engage participants in collaborative analysis, fostering both clear articulation of observations and active listening to others’ perspectives. A systematic review of studies regarding VTS in medical education, published in BMC Medical Education (2023), found that engaging in VTS improved medical students’ observation skills and enhanced their abilities to express their findings concisely and confidently. Further, VTS participants also support their interpretations with evidence—a critical skill in patient care, where diagnoses must be explained with clarity and justification. The structured discussion format of VTS also encourages strong communication, as well as cooperative analytical skills, which are essential for collaborative work within healthcare teams.
Attuning to a patient’s needs requires careful observation, but diagnosing complex cases also demands the ability to navigate uncertainty. Patients may present with overlapping or unclear symptoms, and medical professionals must carefully weigh multiple possibilities. VTS trains students to tolerate ambiguity by prompting them to analyze complex images without immediate resolution. Further, the process fosters active listening to alternative interpretations offered by others, often leading participants to refine their own thoughts. This practice fosters adaptability, allowing future medical professionals to confidently refine their assessments rather than defaulting to initial impressions.
By engaging with works of art in VTS discussions, medical students and practitioners develop sharper attention to detail, improved communications, and increased empathy.  Ideally, this reflective approach extends into clinical practice, allowing healthcare providers to take a more holistic view of their patients, ask insightful questions, thoroughly evaluate symptoms before reaching a diagnosis, and communicate thoughtfully with patients and families.
If you would like to learn more about Visual Thinking Strategies and potential partnerships, contact your local art museum. 
Select Sources: 
Agarwal, G.G., McNulty, M., Santiago, K.M. et al. Impact of Visual Thinking Strategies (VTS) on the Analysis of Clinical Images: A Pre-Post Study of VTS in First-Year Medical Students. J Med Humanit 41, 561–572 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10912-020-09652-4
Cerqueira, A.R., Alves, A.S., Monteiro-Soares, M. et al. Visual Thinking Strategies in medical education: a systematic review. BMC Med Educ 23, 536 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-023-04470-3 
Rezaei S, Childress A, Kaul B, Rosales KM, Newell A, Rose S. Using Visual Arts Education and Reflective Practice to Increase Empathy and Perspective Taking in Medical Students. MedEdPORTAL. 2023;19:11346. https://doi.org/10.15766/mep_2374-8265.11346
Donna Merkt is a certified VTS facilitator and has practiced VTS for more than 15 years, during which she’s led VTS conversations with thousands of students and adults, and trained numerous educators and medical professionals to use the method.  She currently serves as director of the South Dakota Art Museum at South Dakota State University. Follow The Prairie Doc® at www.prairiedoc.org, Facebook, Instagram, Youtube and Threads. Prairie Doc Programming includes On Call with the Prairie Doc®, a medical Q&A show (most Thursdays at 7pm streaming on Facebook), 2 podcasts, and a Radio program (on SDPB), providing health information based on science, built on trust.

Prairie Doc Perspective Week of March 2nd, 2025
“Businesses for Babies”
By Christina Young, Director for the Center for the Prevention of Child Maltreatment
When businesses support working parents, they're not just boosting their bottom line – they're helping prevent child abuse and neglect. In South Dakota, 72.5% of all children under age six have all available parents in the workforce, making family-friendly workplace policies crucial for our state's families. 
Research shows that workplace policies like flexible scheduling, paid family leave, and childcare assistance significantly reduce major risk factors for child maltreatment by decreasing parental stress and providing essential economic stability. When parents have the flexibility to attend school events, care for sick children, or work from home when appropriate, it strengthens family bonds and creates more nurturing environments. Access to quality childcare and living wages helps ensure families can meet basic needs without the overwhelming stress that can lead to crisis.
Prevention is far better – and far less costly – than intervention after abuse occurs. Studies show that every dollar invested in prevention can save up to seven dollars in future costs related to child welfare services, healthcare, and criminal justice. By creating supportive work environments, businesses play a crucial role in building the safe, stable, nurturing relationships children need to thrive. These investments in families today help develop healthier communities and a stronger workforce for tomorrow.
The Center for the Prevention of Child Maltreatment's "Businesses for Babies" campaign highlights South Dakota companies that have adopted family-friendly policies. By showcasing businesses that prioritize family well-being through flexible schedules, parental leave, and childcare support, the campaign aims to inspire more companies to implement similar policies. Together, we can create a business culture that strengthens families and protects our most vulnerable citizens – our children.
Christina Young has been an influential figure in the child welfare field for over a decade, dedicating her career to the well-being of children and families. She directed an in-home family services program covering 30 western counties in Iowa, demonstrating her commitment to community-based support. Christina has a bachelor’s degree in psychology and a master’s in human services administration. Follow The Prairie Doc® at www.prairiedoc.org, Facebook, Instagram, Youtube and Threads. Prairie Doc Programming includes On Call with the Prairie Doc®, a medical Q&A show (most Thursdays at 7pm on SDPB or streaming on Facebook), 2 podcasts, and a Radio program (on SDPB), providing health information based on science, built on trust.

Prairie Doc Perspective Week of February 23rd, 2025
“Abnormal Electrical Signals”
By Kelly Evans-Hullinger, MD
Atrial fibrillation is probably a diagnosis you have heard of, if not because a friend or family member has it, because it has been mentioned in a public advertisement or pharmaceutical commercial. Atrial fibrillation (or “A-fib”) is the most common cardiac arrhythmia, a condition estimated by the American Heart Association to be present in more than five million Americans.
A-fib happens when abnormal electrical signals occurring throughout the cardiac atria (upper chambers of the heart) override the normal intrinsic electrical pacemaker. Sometimes this causes symptoms such as heart palpitations, dizziness, poor exercise tolerance, or heart failure. In many cases, however, patients have no symptoms at all. I can recall numerous instances of finding A-fib in a patient simply by listening to their heart on a routine exam and finding the heart rhythm to be irregular. The widespread use of smartwatches and other monitoring devices is alerting people to the possibility of A-fib with greater frequency.
Atrial fibrillation is diagnosed by an electrocardiogram (ECG) or a longer term heart rhythm monitor. When we find A-fib, we should look for any underlying causes such as heart valve problems, heart failure, and even thyroid disease. More frequently, A-fib does not have any single cause; it can occur for no particular reason, but a person’s risk of it increases with numerous factors including obesity, heavy alcohol use, high blood pressure, sleep apnea, and of course advancing age.
Treatment of atrial fibrillation has various options, which include medication to keep the heart from going too fast, medication to keep the heart in a normal rhythm, shocking the heart back into normal rhythm, or a catheter procedure to ablate the abnormally-firing portions of the cardiac tissue.
Of utmost importance, because in A-fib the atrial chambers do not effectively pump and empty blood into the lower chambers with each heartbeat, blood pools in some areas and has the risk of forming clots. This is why patients with atrial fibrillation are at elevated risk of a stroke and why for many of those patients we recommend taking a blood thinner long-term. We have tools to estimate stroke risk in an individual patient, so the discussion of blood thinners is one you should have with your primary care provider or cardiologist.
In summary, atrial fibrillation is a very common diagnosis, especially as patients get older. Our individualized approach to treatment focuses on control of symptoms and quality of life as well as reducing the risk of stroke. 
Kelly Evans-Hullinger, MD. is part of The Prairie Doc® team of physicians and currently practices Internal Medicine at Avera Medical Group in Brookings, South Dakota. Follow The Prairie Doc® at www.prairiedoc.org, and on social media. Watch On Call with the Prairie Doc, most Thursday’s at 7PM on streaming on Facebook and listen to Prairie Doc Radio Sunday’s at 6am and 1pm.